N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never,
neither, none.
OFF--from offspring.
OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw.
OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn.
TO--in to-day, to-morrow.
UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned.
UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine.
WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand.
II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.
AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar,
drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as
lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives.
ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French.
DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition;
_ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality,
etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.
EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a
_diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock,
cockerel.
EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts
adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep.
FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the
Latin _plico_, I fold.
FUL--full; truthful.
HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood,
righteousness.
ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish,
knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a
diminutive--blackish.
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